Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blotting (WB) revealed that the cartilage-related genes and proteins were significantly up-regulated compared with those of the normal cartilage. The suggested approach leads to the production of large, highly porous scaffolds.

Histological score of the regenerated tissues was 2.6. 3D dual porosity protein-based scaffolds have been developed using the combination of foaming and freeze-drying.

Immunochemical and GAG staining revealed the abundant deposition of type II collagen and GAGs in the neo-cartilage after regeneration for 12 w. and calcified regions, different extracellular matrix proteins. The neo-cartilage integrated well with the surrounding cartilage as well as the subchondral bone. naturally porous decellularized plant-derived scaffolds of varying shapes and sizes with. In vivo repair experiment was conducted by implantation of the cell-free macro-porous fibrin scaffolds into full-thickness cartilage defects (4 mm in diameter and 4 mm in depth with bone marrow blood effusion) of New Zealand white rabbits for 6 and 12 w. Fabrication of HA/TCP scaffolds with a graded and porous structure using a camphene based freeze-casting method. One of the general variables that need to be thoroughly considered to successfully bioprint viable and functional tissue bioengineering scaffolds is the inclusion of supportive biomaterials, generally in the form of proteins and polymers, which (1) facilitate the deposition method by mechanical means and (2) provide support and protection to. In vitro tests proved the survival and proliferation of BMSCs in the scaffolds. Freeze-casting of porous biomaterials: Structure, properties and opportunities. Macro-porous fibrin scaffolds with regular and adjustable inter-connective pores were fabricated through a porogen-leaching method for the in situ inductive regeneration of full-thickness cartilage defects in vivo.

Porous protein scaffold bioengineering